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Photovoltaic ground

In the case when the surface is ground, the modules would be installed directly on the ground (on suitable media, of course). Unless you build an appropriate structure on which to mount the system. The fee would be recognized for
system is not integrated, that is the lowest.

In a plant on the ground will need to provide security systems, such as the fence of the field and a video surveillance system. We do not want to leave mica and left unattended on our investment?

The capacity of a photovoltaic system on the ground increases, as we go down to the south is evident that in relation to this aspect we can not do anything. We can not resort to corrective modifications. None of that. The location of the area is perhaps the element that, more than any other, determines the capacity of the plant. The obvious consequence of this finding is that cost-
investment in PV is highest in the South

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How to evaluate the surface for a photovoltaic system

different situations may occur. The surface can be formed by a roof or ground, from the facade of a building or the roof of a parking lot.

Whatever the space available, first, we must pay attention to sun exposure. The production capacity of photovoltaic modules is greatest when the sun is to the south. Exhibitions SOUTH-SOUTH or EAST-WEST
more convenient to consider, even if they lead to a lower return on investment.

In all other cases (facing north, west, east), the PV system would produce an amount of energy so low as to probably not cost-effective installation of the system. In theory, we could solve the problem, resorting to the use of a
bell'inseguitore. In theory. Because in practice the cost-effectiveness of such a choice is to be demonstrated. Then you must consider the real problem with the technical feasibility of installing a tracker. There is enough space possible to fit a tracker? The surface, when it comes to roofs, it is capable of bearing the weight?

Then, the sun is ideal, when in SUD.

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What are the advantages to install a PV?

When the system design must have a clear idea
why we are doing and, above all, on what can we expect from the investment in PV.

an example. Assume that the total cost of purchase and construction of the PV system is of 20,000 €. There are two possibilities. Let's start from the first. You have the cash to buy the plant. And you want to earn. Perfect. In this case
acquired the plant with your money and, consequently, you'll always be to pocket the money that the GSE will recognize you for twenty years. You'll always be that you'll save on electricity bills throughout the life of your system, ie for at least twenty-five.

recap. Purchasing the system with your money. Proceeds from the money twenty years of the New Energy and savings account for at least twenty five years on the bills. Assuming a payback period of approximately six years. For the first six years, the income (incentive of the New Energy Bill
more savings on utility bills) will allow you to pay off the purchase of the plant. From setim year onwards, the revenues will be your gain.

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target installation system. Will agree with me that, in this case, the goal is to win. So, the first objective as possible: money.

Let the second possibility. You do not have € 20,000 to buy the plant. Or have the money, but do not want to spend. In this case, locate a person willing to finance the purchase of the plant. A bank, for example. Select the bank offering the best market conditions in
reference to your situation. Acquired the plant with the money that you anticipate the bank. In this case you will benefit savings on utility bills, but the money you receive from the State you turn them to the bank to return the money that you
anticipated.

In essence, the incentive of the New Energy Bill will help you to return the bank received the funding. The payback period will become longer as a result of conditions carried by the bank, in particular, depending on the interest rate. Assuming a recovery time of about eight to ten years. In the first eight to ten years after the purchase of the system to return the money advanced by the bank. Your profit will be made by money
the New Energy Bill received from the eleventh to the twentieth year and by savings bills for at least twenty-five.

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What information is needed to size a photovoltaic system?

The sizing of a photovoltaic system to determine the
total area of \u200b\u200bphotovoltaic modules that constitute the system itself. The objective of this activity is, therefore, to find the best possible components of the system in relation to the observed conditions.

Thanks to scaling, are defined both the quantity and quality (expressed as values \u200b\u200bof electrical parameters and specifications) of
components. Once you select those who should be the best possible components of the system, in terms of installation, formula is the quotation on the same system. Of course, the initial listing can and should be finished. But even this initial estimate, although indicative, one can evaluate the profitability and hence the cost-effectiveness of investment in PV.

step, therefore, to carry out our sizing. What information we collect and that we should review? In this case I will refer to applications of photovoltaic technology popular in the market, namely the mono or polycrystalline silicon modules. Initial information should cover the surface on which to install the photovoltaic system.

We evaluate the type of surface. A roof? A plot? Then, we shall consider exposure to the sun, any inclination. And yet, the composition of the surface, its extent and, lastly, its location. The data to be examined in relation to the area designed for the photovoltaic system are so different.

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The sizing of a photovoltaic

As we have seen, the incentives will be granted only in consequence of the amount of electricity actually produced by fotovoltraico. Then we must pay close attention to steps to install the plant and the first step in a right-sizing.

But do you mean by size?

The task of sizing is used to determine the total area of \u200b\u200bphotovoltaic modules that will form the plant. Imagine to have a stable, a building, a house with an available surface,
on which we plan to install our photovoltaic system. We need to gather some information. This data is fairly simple, which, however, must be developed with care to avoid the risk of prejudice to any further work. The inspection

. It is the first step to arrive at the system design. The purchase decision of a model
photovoltaic modules, rather than another, is derived from the results of the survey, as well as identifying the number of modules, their power, their size. And, again, the definition of the type of inverter. In short, the identification of all system components, is due to what emerges from
initial inspection.

The New Energy Bill , as we have seen, is very convenient, but beware: the money approved by the state depend solely on energy produced by the plant.

If the size has not been carried out carefully, we run the risk of having a year in electricity production lower than indicated in the initial analysis tecnicoeconomiche, the same on which it based the decision to buy the plant. The result?
less energy than expected. Lesser economic recessed in the budget. Greater payback period than expected. The lower return on investment in PV, compared to the budgeted cost.

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What is and how it works exchange on the spot

The metering is a service provided by your local network (ENEL) and is to carry a balance at the end of the year, including the dispatch of electricity from the photovoltaic system on the network and that taken by network. You can access the service exchange on the spot only if the following conditions: 
systems are rated less than 20 kWp;
 plants for which the point of release of energy in the network coincides with the withdrawal of energy from network.

If you choose the service exchange on the spot, practically, we will use the low-voltage electrical network as if it were a giant tank in which store electrical energy produced. When the PV system produces (by day, the sun), then we shall enter into the energy network. When the system does not produce (at night or when it rains), draw the energy needed by the network.

At year-end network provider (ENEL) making the adjustment. If it is negative, we will pay the amount of energy consumed in excess of that produced by the plant
. If it is positive, will be given a credit.

Therefore, in the trade regime in place, credit where credit is not an economically developed, but only a claim of energy.

If you want to know more about "net metering" click HERE .

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How to locate the right type of architectural integration of a photovoltaic

In place of the day ENERGY ACCOUNT 11/02/2011 we have seen that the amounts of the incentive rate depends on two factors: the power rating and the degree of architectural integration the PV system. While it is clear enough, I suppose, what is meant by power rating, I would, however, now explain what is meant by degree of architectural integration.

The component integration architecture should be carefully considered when the system design, not only because it significantly affects the amount accepted by the GSE for twenty years. We must consider not only aspects related to the productive capacity of the PV system, but also those associated with the position of the plant, its visual impact and its integration with the existing structure. The plant

PV must, that is, integrate with the structure that will house, from the aesthetic, functional and energy. We see, then, in detail what is meant by non-integrated or fully integrated systems.

systems are not integrated
A photovoltaic system is not considered integrated when its modules are installed:
 On the ground.
 In a non-coplanar surfaces on which they are installed. In this case, when I talk about land, I mean both elements of street furniture or road is to roofs, facades of both buildings.

Integrated plants
A photovoltaic system includes fully integrated when its modules are installed on the roof. The solar module, in this case, besides performing its main function, namely electricity generation, itself becomes an architectural element.

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When you are not entitled to receive the incentives of the Energy Account

When, on the same system, have already received other funding and / or incentives. In particular, if: 
have already received capital funding or interest in excess of 20% the cost of investment (this rule does not apply to
public schools or public health facilities) is
 has already benefited from other forms of incentives such as green certificates or Energy Efficiency Certificates (the so-called Certificates Bianchi);
 installing the PV system with the aim of achieving the energy certificate and you do enter into service after December 31, 2010;
 installing the system on a building for which the deduction is required income tax assistance for the recovery of the housing stock (36%) or energy improvement (55%).

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incentives of the Energy Account

To calculate the economic value that will be recognized after the installation of our solar system, we must increase the incentive rate for
kWh of electricity produced. Well. I derive from them kWh meters installed. The values \u200b\u200bof the rates, however, be Article
. 6 of Decree 19 February 2007, as reported in the table.



To calculate the amount that will be recognized each year by the GSE (we admit that our system is a power rating of just under 3 kWp and is installed on a flat roof), we simply multiply by 0.402 € / kWh x 4,000 kWh = € 1,608.00. Thus, the GSE will credit our account € 1,608.00 per year. Not bad, right?

And how long cash this money? The incentive is recognized as of the date of entry into the facility for a period of twenty years. And what is meant by date of entry into operation plant? The date from which the following conditions occur simultaneously:
 The system is connected in parallel to the electricity grid;
 all the meters are installed to support field measurements
energy produced and exchanged or sold to the network;
 are active contracts for the sale or exchange electric energy
; 
were acquitted obligations relating to the regulation of network
.

In other words, the system is considered to be in operation when connected to the mains, meters were installed on and was completed with the practice network operator (eg ENEL) for connection of the system.

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The Energy Bill: What is it and how it works

What the Energy Bill? Indeed, the New Energy Bill, to be exact. They talk about it all, on television, in newspapers, on blogs. They talk about it. Write about it. Debating the issue. Often inappropriately. Often without a real understanding of the topic.

So, just what the New Energy Bill? The Energy Account is an incentive provided by the Italian Government. For the record by the Ministry of Economic Development, through the Manager of Electrical Services (GSE). The incentive is to deliver a predetermined fixed amount, and (the now famous incentive rate) that rewards energy from photovoltaics. That's why we talk about incentives and financing.

The incentive awards of the New Energy Bill energy from photovoltaics.

receive an incentive, because we produce green electricity. That is derived from renewable sources. In this case, the sun. But what I'm talking about energy? I mean all the energy produced by the photovoltaic system.

So the economic value that is recognized by the State depends on the rated power. The power rating is expressed in Wp if we refer to the module in kWp or more commonly, if we refer plant. In this respect I ask you to do it very carefully. Do not confuse the amount of energy produced by the plant, expressed in kWh (kilowatt hour) with the rated power in kW (kilowatts) or kWp (kilowatt peak, which is measured under standard conditions). These are two different physical quantities.

Want to get the incentive? Buy the photovoltaic system and have it installed. Foul
connected to the mains. Forward the communication to the GSE. And the GSE will respond by indicating the approved incentive rate.

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Incentives As for a photovoltaic system

The purchase of a PV system has a cost. Buy now a photovoltaic system but still represents a significant investment. So, I ask what are the benefits? You say that fortunately there are incentives for installing photovoltaic systems.

Until recently it was available to those who wanted to install a photovoltaic system of funding for the purchase. These funds are earmarked by the European Union and managed by the regions or even from the provinces or municipalities. This funding enabled regularly, will cover a significant part of expenditure for the construction of a photovoltaic system. In some cases, it even reached 75% of the total cost. The problem is that these funds were managed with the substance bandi.In those who first presented the application for admission
were almost sure to win the funding, to the detriment of others who had made the request later.

Now, fortunately, the situation has changed. The European Community with the European Directive 2001/77/EC on the promotion of renewable sources had established for the Member States, the obligation to produce certain quota of energy from renewable sources. Not only that. He also provided that each State should study and implement mechanisms to encourage renewable on the basis of their potential environmental and market. In general we can

safely say that there are two distinct mechanisms for the promotion of renewable sources. The first provides for the payment of an amount particularly advantageous as a result of kWh produced and the electricity network system according to the special sale price (feed-in tariffs
) or as recognition of bonuses that are added to the market price of kWh.

The second is, however, the award of green certificates in dependence on fixed quantities of electricity produced from renewable sources. The green certificates are then purchased by persons belonging to certain types (producers, traders and consumers) by the obligation to purchase shares of default of energy from renewable sources.

This creates a system of supply and demand of green certificates, which is managed on an electronic market
create. A kind of electronic purse of Green Certificates, in fact.

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can produce a photovoltaic system in Latin America?

The performance of a photovoltaic system in Latin
primarily depend on the conditions of irradiation of the site on which it is installed. It is therefore essential to know the values \u200b\u200bof physical parameters that describe the journey from the sun, both over a single day throughout the year.

Knowledge of these parameters to calculate the power of solar energy incident on an inclined surface with a given angle, a given orientation and a given location. The amount of energy produced by a photovoltaic system depends mainly on how "strong" the sun.

you list the physical parameters to be taken into account in order to perform the task of sizing a PV system: 
latitude of the site, Φ;
 solar azimuth, α;
 solar height, β;
 Azimuth surface of the floor, γ;
 inclination of the surface, Ψ.

The production capacity of a photovoltaic system in Latin
also depends on its correct installation. The plant can be installed on the roof of a building, or on its surface or on the terrace, or an area adjacent to the building itself (open car park). Finally, it may be installed directly on the ground.

Ultimately, the amount of electricity produced by a photovoltaic system in Latin America depends on: 
solar radiation incident on the surface of plant installation;
 orientation and angle of inclination of the system;
 presence of shading; 
environmental conditions of the site on which you install the system;
 technical performance of the system.

Assuming conditions optimum installation (I refer to a surface exposed to the south, which has an inclination between 25 ° and 35 ° and that has no shading), it is possible to estimate the amount of electricity be produced by a photovoltaic system rated power at 1 kWp,
dependence of its geographical location (North Italy, Central Italy, Southern Italy). North

1100 kWh / year
Center 1400 kWh / year South
1600 kWh / year

Therefore, a photovoltaic system in Latin America can produce 1,400 kWh / year.

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Practical Advantages

1) Ease of installation. The plant requires the construction of a few civil works and site installation, allowing the production of energy at the point of consumption, requires no infrastructure for its distribution.

2) useful life of more than 30 years. Low drop in performance over time.

3) system completely removable. It allows easy recovery of the site at the end of its service life.

4) targeted production of energy. Maximum energy production at times of need (and summer daylight hours).

5) modular system. Sized according to the needs and easily expanded or reduced.

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Environmental Benefits Economic Benefits

1) No emission of greenhouse gases. Unlike fossil fuels, which are highly polluting, the solar energy produces no greenhouse gas emissions. For every kilowatt hour of solar energy produced, you avoid the emission of more than 500 grams of carbon dioxide.

2) Reduced visual impact and minimum clutter. A photovoltaic system is inserted in a minimally invasive in the surrounding environment. needs dedicated areas, because it exploits areas that would otherwise remain unused (roofs, canopies, facades of buildings, areas affected).

3) No noise or smell. The photovoltaic system is totally silent and does not produce any odorous emissions.

4) No wastage. The electricity is generated directly at the point of consumption to avoid losses due to transport and to changes in voltage and power fluctuations

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1) 20 years of contributions in cash. The Energy Bill to encourage the Italian law on photovoltaics, provides for the grant to 20 years of cash contributions to the energy produced by photovoltaic systems connected to the mains. Contributions vary depending on the size of the plant and its degree of architectural integration.

2) high yield and low risk. The values \u200b\u200bof annual income reaching 20% \u200b\u200band the average time for return on investment are among 6 to 13 years.

3) Proceeds from sale of energy to the grid. In addition to Incentives in Energy Bill, the owner of the benefits of increased economic benefits, choose different depending on whether or not the so-called "net metering system, which provides for compensation of energy and taken for their own consumption or sold energy to the grid.

4) Low maintenance costs. The PV has lower maintenance costs for all other energy sources (renewable or not) thanks to the technology without moving parts.

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What are trackers and what are they

The solar tracker is a mechanical device that directs and continually modifying the surface of the panel PV compared to the sun. A kind of mechanical sunflowers, in short, which follows the sun in its path
during the day to absorb the maximum amount of solar energy as possible.

Even then the tracker's task is to optimize the performance of photovoltaic panels. Tracker, quite simply, is the base on which you install solar panels. Generally, the pursuers are classified according to the number of degrees of freedom: one or two degrees of freedom.

trackers with one degree of freedom to rotate around an axis.
can rotate, for example, about the axis East-West. Trackers are easier to achieve. Rotate twice a year (even manually) towards horizon. The increased production of electricity in this case does not exceed 10%.

There are also trackers that revolve around the axis north-south. These trackers follow the movement of the sun during the day and year. Their rotation is not dependent on the height of the sun above the horizon, rather than by its position in the sky.

These trackers are suitable for low-latitude countries such as Italy. Because they are subject to a rotating motion on a daily basis (usually dawn and dusk hours central the day), these trackers are built-in mechanisms for automatic operation.

Finally, there are trackers that revolve around the axis zenithnadir. Again the rotation mechanism is automatic. The increase in electricity production is about 25%. Trackers with two degrees of freedom instead of using two simultaneous axes of rotation. Often they are mounted one on
of trackers. The increase in electricity production can reach about 40%.

Major useful lives of the followers are in the course of implementing the so-called solar farms, large plants that is installed on the ground, where we must try to make the greatest possible surface area available to produce as much energy as possible.

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How does an inverter of a PV system?



The electricity produced by photovoltaic modules, they belong to any type (mono or polycrystalline silicon or amorphous) is current, that is not readily usable for industrial or civil use. You must first convert it into alternating current that can be fed into the grid
the voltage and frequency of operation of our network.
We therefore need an inverter.

But the drive has not only the task of transforming the current generated by the modules into alternating current. The inverter must also optimize the performance of photovoltaic panels. Should increase productivity. I'll give you a small example. As you might imagine, the photovoltaic modules do not produce electricity continuously. Their capacity depends, in fact, weather conditions and by its rapid change. I mean that, unfortunately, not all days are presented with clear skies and with temperatures
not particularly high. More often, however, have a day characterized by a continual alternation of sun and clouds. Within a few seconds to go from clouds to the sun. And vice versa.

In this case, the photovoltaic modules in the short space of a few moments,
undergo rapid changes in the amount of incident solar energy on their own superficie.È must intervene in these situations that the inverter absorbs the changes in the amount of available solar energy .
proceeds, ie, the maximum possible power in all weather conditions.

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Guide to different types of photovoltaic modules



concentrate on the types of photovoltaic modules currently popular on the market. There are basically three uses, I have already mentioned, the silicon material as semiconduttore.La first type uses silicon monocrystalline. Each cell is made from a silicon crystal structure of homogeneous
(which is why we speak of monocrystalline silicon). These cells possess the highest degree of purity of the material and thus provide the best performance in terms of efficiency. The energy efficiency of the order of 15-16%.

The second type uses, however, the polycrystalline silicon. The cell consists of structurally homogeneous silicon, arranged in grain locally ordered (polycrystalline structure). In this case, the purity of the material used is lower than the previous type and thus efficiency provided is less (11-14%).

The third type uses amorphous silicon, ie silicon atoms are chemically deposited on the supporting surface in amorphous form, according to a disorganized structure. In reality, therefore, we do not have true cells, but simply lay a thin layer of crystalline silicon on
surface of another material (glass or plastic). In the latter case, energy efficiency is quite low, about 5-7%, but at the same cost, amorphous silicon allows for production of energy similar to that provided by crystalline silicon cells.

Of the three solutions we have seen only the last, that of the amorphous silicon allows the decrease of form because there is no crystal structure of the material to prevent relative movement.

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What are the components of a photovoltaic system?

A photovoltaic system consists basically of a few major components: 
photovoltaic panels, which determine the power plant and generate electricity by converting solar energy
 an inverter, which converts the direct current produced by the panels into alternating current, usable, and then, by a common households;
 energy meters, which measure the amount of electricity produced by the plant and the energy exchanged (entered or taken from the network).

all. There are, of course, other less important components, but still empre necessary for the operation of a photovoltaic system. We will see them soon.
The key element of the PV system is the photovoltaic cell. I take one of the definitions more frequently taken, to remember that the cell is made of silicon properly treated by operation of "doping".

The aim is to achieve stable electrical current within the cell. The most popular version of the photovoltaic cell, in the crystalline material, consists of a layer of semiconductor material, silicon, black or blue and sizes. Small pieces of amorphous material in photovoltaic cells can feed themselves
consumer electronic devices such as calculators and watches. But what interests us most is the functionality of the photovoltaic cell, ie its yield, the ratio between the maximum capacity of the cell and the total power of solar radiation incident on its front surface.

photovoltaic cells electrically connected in series or in parallel are the components of a photovoltaic module. Complete the equipment of a module the presence of a glass front, with the protective function of cells and a slab of
insulating materials and plastic on the back. Also on the back side is prepared to connect the junction box for electrical connections. The modules are classified according to maximum output power (eg, there may be modules of 180 Wp, 200 Wp or from, or even
220 Wp).

If you're interested in learning more, click here!

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The technology of photovoltaic

I will not bore you with a series of technical knowledge on the physics and electronics. I just want you to understand the mechanism of operation of photovoltaic systems.

Why? Why so you will be able to handle issues such as the examination of the estimates analysis and evaluation of tecnicoeconomiche that you will be presented.
To understand how a photovoltaic system it is important to first understand how it's done and what are its components.

PV systems are electrical systems that produce electricity
through exploiting the so-called photovoltaic effect, ie the conversion of solar energy into electricity. This process is possible thanks to the physical properties of some semiconductor elements, the first of which is silicon. It means, in other words, when the sun's rays affect a photovoltaic module, solar energy is instantly converted into and directly
electricity.

For simplicity, I speak of the photovoltaic modules on the market today, especially using silicon as the semiconductor material. The silicon is not the only semiconductor used and used. But then again, currently the most common applications using commercial silicon. That's why I
mainly refer to these applications.

In a simplified diagram of a photovoltaic system and its related components, there are two counters: M1 and M2: The first is a bi-directional meter, that measures the energy exchanged (entered or withdrawn from the grid), while the second measures the total energy produced by the photovoltaics.